Val Hepworth and Mo Macleod
August 2004
Howsham Mill and the Landscape at Howsham
Hall
A Chronology
The water-powered corn mill may be medieval in origin. It was already clearly in existence by the early 18C, although its exact foundation date is unknown. The raised trackway to the east of the mill probably provided access across the flooded water meadow (The Holms) from both the Hall and village. This track runs along the line of a medieval boundary and suggests that both the track and the mill are medieval in date.
11th C Howsham appears as Husun in Domesday Survey. Belongs to Count of Mortain.
1121 Included in lands given by Walter l’Espec to Kirkham Priory at its foundation.
13th C Manor of Howsham held by the de Roos family
1285 Pasture of the park said to be worth 40 shillings[1].
1352 Manorial survey refers to deer in the park.
1363 Thomas de Roos complained that his park had been broken into and deer taken.
No further references to medieval deer park have been found.[2]
Mid 16thC After the Dissolution, granted by Edward VI to Thomas, Earl of Rutland.
1573 Thomas Bamburgh bought manor of Howsham from Edward, grandson of Thomas, Earl of Rutland.
1610 Howsham Hall built reputedly from ruins of Kirkham Priory. (Listed Grade I). Possibly preserving portions of an earlier house. Pevsner dates it as c.1610. Built by Sir William Bamburgh whose arms impaled with wife Mary are over the entrance.
Marked on Speed’s map.
1623 Sir William dies leaving estates of nearly 8,000 acres. (Both sons die as minors within 8 years of father.) Estates divided between surviving sister Catherine & sons of two other sisters, Mary wife of Sir Thomas Wentworth of North Elmsall and Anne (or Amy), wife of Sir William Robinson of Newby. Lady Wentworth’s eldest son, Thomas Wentworth (b. 1619), inherits Howsham.
1648 Blaeu map: Howsham marked but no detail other than village.
1653 Thomas’s second son, John, succeeds his father. He married Catherine, daughter of Sir Thomas Norcliffe of Langton.
1667 John Wentworth knighted.
1671 John Wentworth dies aged 26.
1689 Only son of Sir John Wentworth dies unmarried. Howsham (& North Elmsall) inherited by cousin, John, eldest son of Henry Wentworth, a younger brother of Sir John Wentworth .
1692 John Wentworth created a baronet. He married twice. First Barbara Lowther, daughter of Sir John Lowther, Bt, afterwards Viscount Lonsdale, by whom he had a daughter, Catherine. Second Lady Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of William, 2nd Duke of Devonshire, by whom he had a son, Sir Butler Cavendish Wentworth.
Hall decayed and tenanted without gardens.[3]
1702 Act of Parliament created a statutory private right of navigation upstream to Yedingham & permitted construction of locks for through navigation.
1705 Joseph Dickinson A map of the Manor of Howsham[4]. A survey of the manor of Howsham shewing the content of each close in acres roods and perches according to the series of numbers on the map. Note this Lordship belongs wholly to Sir John Wentworth bart & Fairfax Norcliffe Esq. All the closes belonging the first noted with small alphabetical letters assigned each tenant & those belonging the latter are noted with N etc. Total 1841acres 3 roods 36 perches.[5]
The land in closes by this date. Large area of meadow & pasture suggesting some conversion of arable land to grass.[6] [7] Access to Hall from bridge via Mill Green then via Holmes Closes or through the village from Leppington Road.
The Mill is marked.
1718 Painting by
John Booth, Howsham, One of the Seats of
the Hon. Sir John Wentworth Bart in the East Riding of the County of York[8].
Ornate formal pleasure gardens and productive gardens.
1720 Sir John Wentworth dies. Howsham inherited by his son, Sir Butler Cavendish Wentworth, (by second wife, Lady Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of 2nd Duke of Devonshire). Married Bridget, daughter of Sir Ralph Milbanke Bt, of Halnaby (nr Darlington). No issue.
1741 On Sir Butler Cavendish Wentworth’s death baronetcy becomes extinct. Howsham inherited by half sister Catherine Wentworth (daughter of Sir John Wentworth by 1st wife), who had married Hugh Cholmley of Whitby[9].
1748 Catherine dies and is succeeded by her eldest son, Nathaniel Cholmley b. 1721. Nathaniel marries three times. First to Catherine, daughter of SirRowland Winn of Nostell, Bt, by whom he had two daughters, Catherine b 1752, d 1818, married to Henry Hopkins Fane Esq., and Mary b 1755, married to Abraham Grimes Esq.,. Second to Henrietta Catherine, daughter of Stephen Croft of Stillington, Esq., by whom he had a son, Hugh Cholmley (1758-1769) and two daughters, Henrietta b 1760, m 1778 to Sir William Strickland Bt, and Anne Elizabeth b 1769, married to Constantine, Lord Mulgrave. Third to Anne Jessie, daughter of Leonard Smelt of Leases Esq. Tutor to the Prince of Wales, afterwards George IV, by whom he had a son Nathaniel, d.s.p.
1755 Nathaniel Cholmley inherits Howsham. The family leave their ancient seat at Whitby and make Howsham their chief country residence.[10]
1757 Record of ‘particulars of goods, merchandises, wares or commodities to be carried from Hull to Malton or Malton to Hull and of freights, tolls and duties to be paid’[11].
1758 Samuel & Isaac Milbourn, A plan of the township of Howsham.[12]
Compared to 1705: Boundaries within Holmes Closes removed and no canal-like drain but other drains in Holms. Mill shown with cut forming three islands.
1755/1760 Howsham Mill (date 1760 over the door) probably by Carr[13].
Designed to be seen within the landscaped parkland as a Gothick eye-catcher with ogee door and window heads and quatrefoil windows.
Oldest dated grafitti 1760.[14]
This is likely to be the heir to that from which the tithes were given by Walter l’Espec to Kirkham Priory, along with the fishery. [28 cottages, manor park and mill in 14th century.][15]
1771 Jeffrey’s Map outlines Howsham – N Cholmley Esq – with mill and cut, stream,
1775 Interior of house improved with advice of John Carr of York and assistant Thomas (?Peter) Atkinson.
Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown paid 50gns[16].
Stable block (listed grade II) attributed to John Carr[17].
1776 A map of the Manor at Howsham.[18] The Cut and Mill marked.
Late 18C Howsham Bridge of rusticated sandstone with 3 segmental arches.
1791 Nathaniel Cholmley dies. As both his sons had predeceased him he was succeeded by brother, William.
1792 William dies and Howsham inherited by Nathaniel’s eldest daughter, Catherine [Katherine], whose husband, Henry Hopkins Fane, took the Cholmley name. Their sons, Charles, b 1780 (d. 1821), and George, b 1781 succeeded in turn.
1792 A Plan of the Manor at Howsham.[19] Mill marked.
1809 Henry Hopkins Fane Cholmley dies and son Charles succeeds but dies unmarried in 1821.
1814 William Wildon rental book indicates closes in arable, grass and old sward.[20]
1818 Greenwood’s Map of Yorkshire marks Hall. Detail questionable.
1821 Younger son Col George Cholmley succeeds. He married 1824, Hannah, daughter of John Robinson Foulis Esq. Of Buckton.
1829 J P Neale, Howsham Hall, Yorkshire, The Seat of Henry Cholmley Esqr, published by Jones & Co.
1839/40 Howsham Mill insured for £300 – two floors, built of stone & slate, three pairs of stones. No shelling mill or drying kiln.[21]
1850 Howsham village with population of 194.
1856 OS 6 inches: 1 mile published.
1857 Colonel George Cholmley dies. No male heir and Howsham passes to Robert Grimes, a grandson of Nathaniel Cholmley by his second daughter, Mary.
1864 Robert Grimes dies without issue. Sir George Strickland 7th Bt, b 1782, succeeds in right of his mother Henrietta, daughter of Nathaniel Cholmley by his second wife, Henrietta Catherine Croft. Sir George married first, Mary, daughter of Rev Charles Constable of Wassand, Hull.
1865 Sir George Strickland is authorised by Royal License to take surname of Cholmley only, and to bear the arms of Cholmley and Wentworth quarterly.
1874 Sir George Strickland dies aged 92. Succeeded by his younger brother, Sir Charles Strickland 8th Bt of Boynton (did not take the name Cholmley). Married Georgina Selina Septima, daughter of Sir William Milner of Nun Appleton, Bt..
1891 Miller is William Day.[22]
1903-1905 Miller is Wilson-Remmer[23].
1909 Sir Charles Strickland dies age 90. Howsham devised to his only daughter, Mrs Esther Anne Willoughby. She had married 1898, Col the Hon Tatton Lane Fox Willoughby.
1910 Many of buildings in bad state. Shooting is let with the Hall to Lord Garnock. [24]
OS 25 inches:1 mile Holms with towing path. Track from Lodge to Swing Bridge, & old track broken.
1912 OS 6 inches: 1 mile published.
The Holms The Cut. Towing Path (was ‘Foot Path’). E/W Drain partially gone, only central portion marked.
1935 River Derwent Navigation Act Revocation Order establishes no stautory public right to navigate the Derwent or its tributories above Sutton-on-Derwent. Rights of use vested solely in riparian owners unless indicated otherwise.
1940 Mrs Willoughby died without issue. Howsham passed to her sister-in-law and husband’s niece the Hon Mrs Ida Mary Hazel Strickland, nee Willoughby, daughter of 10th Baron Middleton, married to Captain H Strickland.
1946 Miller of 27 years Carl Carr passed to Johnny Braithwaite who gave it up in 1947. This is the last time the mill was known to have been used.[25]
1946/47 Aerial photographs. Ditches & trackway in Holms.
1948 Howsham Hall and contents sold with c.1,600 acres
1949-57 Howsham Hall stood empty.
1951 Howsham Hall threatened with demolition[26]
1954 Howsham Hall vacant and in disrepair bought but remained vacant. Permission given to demolish it.
1957 Land between Howsham Hall and the River Derwent (The Holms and Howsham Mill) sold to Cleminson and Clapham. [27]
1958 Howsham Hall bought by Mr Knock with the aid of the efforts of the York Georgian Society and becomes a preparatory school. A government grant of £19,635 gives assistance towards restoration of the Hall. The stable block, barn, buildings and land are in several ownerships.
1965 Howsham Mill and the island on which it stands, together with all fishing rights along the Derwent between Howsham Bridge and Howsham Hall sold to Bradford No. 1 Angling Association.[28]
1965 Howsham Mill threatened with demolition due to unsafe condition.[29] Examined by J.E.Williams of RCHM.
1966 Howsham Mill entered on the national register of historic monuments. Listed Grade II.
1966 – 1990 Mill equipment looted for scrap value. Building subsequently vandalised and roof burnt down. Subsequent gradual decay due to growth of vegetation and the weather.
1967 Aerial photographs.
1969 Aerial photo, SE735628, CUC:BAA28, 13/11/69
1970 OS 1:2500 map. Track across Holms marked to Mill (Disused).
1973 Aerial photo, 02273218, 16/05/73 Ditches & trackway in Holms.
1977 Aerial photo, PVA77:4:10 1977. Features as in 1973.
1978 Howsham weir repaired and lock cleaned out by volunteers from Yorkshire Derwent Trust, in preparation for planned reopening of the navigation.[30]
1990 Howsham Mill entered on the Buildings at Risk Register.[31]
1991 Howsham Mill and the island on which it stands purchased by Mr Burrows.[32]
1993 YDT concede defeat in battle to re-open the navigation. Ownership of Howsham weir and lock passes to the NRA, now the Environment Agency.
1995 River Derwent, and the whole of the island on which Howsham Mill stands designated as SSSI by English Nature.
2000 Howsham Hall and Park entered on English Heritage Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest, Grade II.
Some Refs:
Allison, K T, East Riding Water-mills, East Riding Local History Society, 1970, Reprinted 1975.
Howsham: A miller is mentioned in 1937 and went out of use soon after Second World War. Subsequently burnt out and now stands derelict. Dated grafitti, oldest 1760.
Building of brick faced with stone and tile, 2 storeys and loft. There were two pairs of stones. Undershot wheel was fed by race from the Derwent. All Iron diameter 14 ft. 8 ins.: width 5 ft. 5ins. River level raised by weir and boats on the Derwent Navigation used a cut, with a lock, to by-oass the mill. Much machinery collapsed in a fire, but the gearing survives and four wheels, two broken stones. Dresser and two other machines, one possibly a cake crusher.
Bulmer T & Co, History Topography & Directory of East Yorkshire, Preston, 1892, 263-4
Howsham township contains 2,150 acres of land, situated on the east bank of the Derwent. The surface is undulated; the soil varies from strong clay to light loam and sand, with a subsoil of clay, sand and limestone. Barley and turnips are the chief crops, but a large portion of land is laid down in pasture, and numbers of cattle and horses are bred. The township is valued for rating purposes at £2.284, and the number of inhabitants in 1891 was 199. Sir Charles William Strickland, Bart., of Boynton Hall, who is lord of the manor, and the Rev Charles Best Norcliffe, of Langton Hall, are the principal landowners. The inhabitants vote in the Leavening division for the election of a County Councillor.
The village consists of a single row of houses, seven-and-a-half miles south-by-west of Malton, and three miles south-east from Barton Hill station, on the York, Scarborough, and Whitby branch of the North-Eastern Railway. A chapel-of-ease was erected here in 1860, by Mrs Cholmley, in memory of her husband and three children. It is a handsome cut-stone structure in the Gothic style, consisting of a spacious chancel, nave north transept, west porch, and tower containing four bells. The chancel, which is divided from the nave by an elegant trefoil arch, is lighted by four stained-glass windows representing scenes from the life of Christ. The floor is laid with encaustic tiles, and behind the communion table is a carved stone reredos in three compartments, artistically inlaid with mosiac work. Most of the windows of the nave are filled with stained-glass. The font is a handsome piece of work, circular in design, and ornamented by inlaid marble of various colours. The National school was rebuilt by the late Colonel Cholmley, in 1852. It is mixed and attended by 22 children.
Howsham Hall, the property of Sir Charles W Strickland, Bart., and residence of Harry Walter Cholmley, Esq., J P, C C, D L, is a large and handsome mansion in the Elizabethan style, standing in a park of about 50 acres, and surrounded by beautiful pleasure grounds. The house was built by William Bamburgh, Esq., who is said to have brought a large quantity of stone used in its erection from the ruins of Kirkham Abbey.
Clough Miss, schoolmistress
Foster John, bootmaker
Marshall Miss Anne, grocer
Farmers:
Burton John, Oxfield house; Carr William, Paradise house; Day William (and miller); Goodwill John, Grange farm; Harriman John, Gally gap; Harrison John, Farfield house; Noble John, Wood house; Stephenson, Thomas & Henry, Low Ground farm; Stckton William, White house; Thomas Miss Mary Ann, Middlefield house; Triffitt Philip, Scalla Moor house.
Environment Agency, Derwent Consultation Report, Feb 1997.
River Derwent is one of few largely undisturbed lowland rivers in England and Wales. There are more than 60 sites of SSSI within the Derwent area (1/10th of Yorkshire) and 3 National Nature Reserves and an AONB. The Derwent is Yorkshire’s largest source of drinking water, supplying Leeds, Wakefield, Sheffield, Hull etc.
Fisheries: Brown trout, grayling, brook lampreys.
Conservation: The Derwent is internationally recognised in terms of nature conservation. It is a prime example of a lowland riverand river SSSI covered by a Memorandum of Understanding signed with English Nature in August 1995.
Fishing takes place by individuals or match anglers.
P91. 1702 Act of Parliament created a stautory private right of navigation upstream to Yedingham and permitted the construction of locks to enable through navigation past the existing wiers in the river.
The 1702 Act was revoked by the River Derwent Navigation Act Revocation Order 1935 and subsequent litigation recently established that no statutory public right to navigate the Derwent or its tributories above Sutton-on-Derwent existed under the 1702 Act or Highways Act 1980.
Unless otherwise shown, any rights to use of the river upstream of Sutton-on-Derwent for navigation are vested solely in the riparian owners (bed and banks belong to them).
Canoeists use the fast water at Howsham weir through the slot in its crest which allows the passage of fish.
Hatcher, Jane, The Industrial Architecture of Yorkshire, Phillimore, 1985.
P128. Mill built c.1755, probably to a design by John Carr. It had a pyramidal hipped roof and window and door of Gothick shape. Facades decorated with a symmetrical arrangement of blank Gothick windows and quatrefoils, plastered and painted to look as if they had glazing bars. So dual purpose corn mill and folly.
Pevsner East Riding 1972, p265; Pevsner & Neave 2nd ed 1995, p494-496
HOWSHAM HALL. The S front is one of the sights of the East Riding, Jacobean (c.1619), not extremely large, but wonderfully even and complete. Two storeys, stone, with a top cresting of many semicircles with ball finials. The fenestration runs as follows: a canted bay (5/8) two windows, the frontispiece, two windows, a canted bay (5/8). The windows on both floors are of four lights with two transoms. The bays are of 2+2+4+2+2 lights. The frontispiece has paired Roman Doric columns, and paired Corinthian columns over. There is ample, yet not excessive glazing, and the frontispiece prevents too grid-like an effect. The Jacobean house extended to the N in two projecting wings. The E side of the house is an early C18 remodelling by Sir John Wentworth; his crest and the date 1709 are on the downpipes, very plain,of six bays, and the W side is irregular.
…interior…drastically remodelled c.1775. Almost certainly the architect was John Carr who is known to have worked for the owner, Nathaniel Cholmley at this date.
STABLES also of c.1775 attributed to Carr. Brick, with two main entrances, the cupola over the W entrance.
WATER MILL. Derelict at the time of writing. The architecture is Gothick. Ogee door and window heads and quatrefoil windows are characteristic of the C18 Gothic Revival.
Yorkshire Derwent Trust Ltd. Derwent Guide, 1977
The navigation to Malton annually carried about 20,000 tons of corn downstream and 20,000 tons of coal and other requirements upstream.. The coming of the railways in the mid C19 brought economic ruin to the Derwent.
Yorkshire Gazette July 18 1947, ‘Yorkshire’s Green and Pleasant Land 28’, Amy Dixon. ‘In an Old World Village on Derwentside. The Tranquility of Howsham’. Y 070
Hon Mrs Strickland lives in the Hall. Up to 1905 the mill produced old-fashioned millstone flour famed for its quality. After 1905 ground only meal for cattle. – According to Mr A Wilson Remmer whose family milled flour early C20. Mr Carl Carr, the miller for 27 years was grinding cattle food from barley meal and rolled oats. The mill was taken over at Michaelmas 1946 by Johnny Braithwaite of Low Ground Farm, but recently given up. Nobody at the mill. Great deal f timber round Howsham, though much is being cut down.
Mr Frederick Carr and his sister Mrs Parker live at Paradise Farm – shrouded by a thick plantation. The house has no hall or passage and an early Victorian bedroom.
Yorkshire Evening Press Sept 23 1965, ‘Danger at Mill means it may have to go’, Ron Willis & Jim Mitchinson
Bradford Angling Association No1, say the mill is a source of danger and have requested demolition. A workaday job as a watermill and also “…Dressed on three sides in mid C18 “Gothic” styleas an eye-catching piece of landscape decoration.” The fourth side fronting the river and housing C19 machinery which probably replaced the original works and of plain brick. It is a particularly early example in the North of Gothic Revival. It was in 1753 Horace Walpole began the embellishment of his Twickenham house, Strawberry Hill with this style and the mill can be dated as early as 1760. This date accompanied by initials, has been carved twice on jambs of the south face and the style of the figures and the lettering leaves their authenticity in no doubt. The interesting pyramidal roof has lost most of its slates.
Mr J E Williams of the York office of RCHM examined the mill for the National Buildings Record and said that there was a 99% chance that the mill is by John Carr of York from studying the details of churches by him at Dewsbury, Denton and Ravenfield in the West Riding.
HOWSHAM HALL and LANDSCAPE
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Cholmley Nathaniel, NYCRO, Miscellany 1993, NYCRO Publications 54
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Yorkshire Gazette, Jan 28, 1911, Round About Howsham,
Yorkshire Gazette, July18, 1947, Yorkshire’s Green and Pleasant Land (28)
York City Ref Library Y658.84 Howsham Hall, York, Hollis & Webb Auctioneers, Leeds, by direction of the Hon Mrs I M H Strickland. The Remaining Furnishings. Catalogue of antique furnishings, pictures and books. Nov 1-4 1948.
[1] Neave, Susan, Medieval Parks of East Yorkshire, Hutton Press, 1991, 38
[2] Ibid
[3] NYCRO, MIC 1337/000861
[4] NYCRO, ZCG M1/3, MIC 1343/22
[5] NYCRO, MIC 1343/23
[6] Harris, A Rural Landscape of the East Riding of Yorkshire, 1700-1850, OUP, 1961, 56,58 – reference: YAS MS 721; ERRO, DDX 3/16
[7] Allison, K J, The Making of the English Landscape, The East Riding of Yorkshire Landscape, Hodder & Stoughton, 1976
[8] NYCRO, ZCG M 1/6, MIC 1343/225
[9] Cadet branch
of Cheshire Cholmondeleys that settled in Yorkshire towards end of 15th
C. Country Life, Aug 31
1935,pp220-224.
[10] J P Neale, Jones’ Views of the Seats of Noblemen and
Gentlemen in Yorkshire, vol 5, London Jones & Co, 1829, 20.
[11] NYCRO, ZCG
[12] NYCRO, ZCG M 1/9, MIC 1343/83.
[13] Williams, J
E, Howsham Water-Mill.
[14] Allison, KT, East Riding Water-mills, East Riding Local History Society, 1970.
[15] Rushton, J, The Ryedale Story, Ryedale District Council, c.1982
[16] Newcastle University Library MF555, copy of Brown’s surviving account book has following entry on p134:
Nathaniel Cholmley Esq. for a journey and General Plan of Howsham in Yorkshire. Agreement is to be £52 10 0. No date but between 1775 (Rise) and 1779 (Whitley Beaumont).
[17] Wragg p162, suggests stables unlikely to be by Carr. Documentary proof for Carr’s work on the house is lacking.
[18] NYCRO, ZCG (W) MIC 1343/99
[19] NYCRO, ZCG (W), MIC 1343/208.
[20] NYCRO, MIC 1337/203-4
[21] NYCRO, MIC 1337/001830
[22] Bulmer T & Co. History Topography & Directory of East Yorkshire, Preston 1892.
[23] Reference in Williams, J E, Howsham Water-Mill, 15
[24] NYCRO, MIC 1337 Valuation by A H Kerr, York
[25] Yorkshire Gazette July 18 1947
[26] R A Alec-Smith, Op.cit.
[27] ERRO, Conveyance 21st January 1957
[28] ERRO, Conveyance 4th May 1965.
[29] Yorks Evening Press Sept 23 1965
Aerial photographs held in the Historic Environment Record (SMR), Heritage Unit, North Yorkshire County Council, Northallerton.
[30] Jones, Pat, Navigation on the Yorkshire Derwent. 2000
[31] SAVE
[32] York District Land Registry.